cim m y ∴ ff Ꝛ a cima + fun be c gf 9 ɔper v o s t r e LETTERE · DATE · a u n d …

Cusago → Francesco Sforza · homophonic cipher with word codes · 23 January 1447

The Duke of Milan's second cipher: a slip of January 1447

Filippo Maria Visconti
fromFilippo Maria Visconti
Francesco Sforza
toFrancesco Sforza

One of Filippo Maria Visconti's last cipher letters to his son-in-law Francesco Sforza, deciphered with an unlabelled Milanese key record on DECODE and checked against the clear text filed with it.

Daniel Bourdeau · posted

Method: read after matching with key from external sources · Extent: complete

Credits · DECODE database (key or decipherment used) · Contemporary key or decipherment (earlier solution) · Giuseppe Mazzatinti (identification)

At a glanceExternal key matched · complete

The letter
Duke Filippo Maria Visconti to Count Francesco Sforza, Cusago, 23 January 1447: a parchment slip wholly in cipher, 15 lines, ending with the Duke's full title in cipher.
Where
Bibliothèque nationale de France, italien 1584 f. 15 (the Sforza archive taken to France in 1499–1500), Gallica canvas 17. Not on DECODE.
The cipher
Homophonic substitution, one to four signs a letter, with word signs, code words for names and common words, and six nulls.
How it was deciphered
With the Duke's key copied in the 18th century in Milan (Carteggio Sforzesco cart. 1597 no. 24, DECODE R5324, catalogued there with no names). Checked against f. 16, the clear text on the same mount: 96.0% of the compared signs agree.
What it says
Following Sforza's advice the Duke will send another ambassador to the Pope and the King of Aragon, besides Pietro da Pusterla and Antonio da Trezzo, to act for "the Count".
Credit
The letter was never unread: its clear text has always been filed with it. New here is the key's identification and its check.
Still open
Two signs at the slip's edge and two short groups around the title.

The Duke's other twenty cipher slips of November 1446 to March 1447 are in a different key, R5323, and have their own page. This one is apart because one key makes one entry on this site.

01 The slip and its clear text

Parchment slip covered in cipher signs, fifteen lines, with a pencil date 1447 23 janvier in the margin
f. 15, the cipher slip. The last two lines carry the date and the Duke's title in cipher. Image: Bibliothèque nationale de France, italien 1584 f. 15, via Gallica (IIIF canvas 17).

Mazzatinti's inventory of the Sforza archive in Paris lists the slip as "Lettera del Duca al medesimo (Cusago 23 gennaio). In cifre: membran." Mounted below it is f. 16, which the inventory does not list: the same letter in clear, headed in a later pencil "Filia 1447. 13 Januarii. Cusaghi" and dated in its text "Cusaghi die vigesimo tertio Januarii". Its wording differs from the cipher in places ("pareri" where the cipher has "recordi", "mandamo" against "mandaremo", "Piero de" against "Pedro da"), so it is a parallel minute from the chancery, not a copy made from the cipher.

The same letter written in clear in a fifteenth-century chancery hand
f. 16, the letter in clear, mounted below the slip. Image: Bibliothèque nationale de France, italien 1584 f. 16, via Gallica (IIIF canvas 17).

02 The key

The Visconti chancery's own cipher books are lost. Eighteenth-century copies of fifteenth-century keys are kept in the Milan State Archives, Carteggio Visconteo-Sforzesco cart. 1597, and are on DECODE as anonymous key records dated "1450–1555". Two of them, nos. 23 and 24, are headed "Filippo Maria Duca di Milano". No. 23 (R5323) reads the Duke's other slips. No. 24 (R5324) did not, but it fits this one from the first word: cim = per, then the letters of "vostre", then the code word cima = lettere.

The key has one to four signs for each letter (a = ꝺ, ꝡ, c, ∴; e = a, b, ħ, L; o = ɣ, ɼ, ꝺ, ʒ), word signs for et, que, qui, in, de, con, qua, da, che, per, come and ciò, code words for Dux Mediolani, lettere, date, havemo, Papa, Re de Ragona, Ambassadore, questo, cosa and vuy, and six nulls. Three code words on the slip are missing from the copy and were identified against the clear text: cab = quello, ba = Conte, cel = se. One shape, ꝺ, stands for a, c or o, and context decides. The full table is in targets/visconti1447/key.md.

03 The reading

Per vostre lettere date a undece del presente havemo inteso quello che ne scriviti, et ringratiandove dolcemente deli fideli, favorevoli et savii recordi et conseglii vostri, li quali cognoscemo chiaramente che procedeno da grande zelo et affectione che ne portati, che ne da molto bene a vedere che ne degenerati dali precessori vostri. Dicemo cossi che per seguire li pareri et conseglii vostri, come se disponemo fare in questo et in ogni altra cosa, havemo deliberato mandare, et cossi mandaremo dal Papa et dal Re de Ragona uno altro nostro ambassadore, oltra Pedro da Pusterla et Antonio da Trezo, per adoperare et fare apresso ala Sanctita et Maiesta [s]ue tuto quello sara necesario per li facti del Conte, et faremoli tale commissone che de tuto se intendera con esso Conte et con vui, et fara quello et come gli diriti et ordinariti. In le altre cose etiandio faremo integramente secondo li recordi et conseglii vostri. Dat. Cusaghi die vigesimo tertio ianuarii [..]. Filippus Maria Anglus, Dux Mediolani etcetera, Papie Anglerieque comes ac Ianue dominus.

In English. We have your letters of the 11th and thank you warmly for your faithful and wise advice, which shows you do not fall short of your forebears. Following your advice we will send another ambassador of ours to the Pope and the King of Aragon, besides Pietro da Pusterla and Antonio da Trezzo, to do with His Holiness and His Majesty whatever the Count's affairs require; he will be told to act in concert with the Count and with you, and to do as you direct. In other matters too we will follow your advice. Cusago, 23 January 1447.

The Duke was then courting Sforza, at war with him the year before, against Venice: the slips of these months press him to come north with his troops. He died seven months later, on 13 August 1447.

04 Method and checks

05 Still open

Full texts

The transcription and the decryption of every document on this page, so that the reading can be used and checked. Short files are shown here; all are in the repository.

f. 15, Cusago 23 Jan 1447

Duke Filippo Maria thanks Sforza for his letters of the 11th and his counsel and, following it, will send another ambassador to the Pope and the King of Aragon, besides Pietro da Pusterla and Antonio da Trezzo, to act for the Count and take his orders. Written seven months before the Duke's death, while he was courting his son-in-law against Venice.

Transcription

f15.md

# BnF italien 1584 f. 15: cipher slip, Filippo Maria Visconti to Francesco Sforza, Cusago 23 Jan 1447

Canvas 17 (upper piece; the clear text f. 16 below it, `f15_clear.md`), ark btv1b100373864. **This slip is not in key
R5323.** It is in the Duke's other key, ASMi cart. 1597 no. 24 = DECODE **R5324** (also headed "Filippo Maria Duca di
Milano"; `img/keys/R5324_IMG_R5324_I30302_P_top.png`): 1-4 homophones per letter, word signs (et = q with crossed tail,
que = -c, qui = ʒf, in = com, de = cul, con = ∵, qua = ɔ-, da = cam, che = caz; and, written the other way round on the
copy, cib = ciò, bb = ss, cim = per, pp = mm, cet = come, fo = di; ggf = ff), names and words (Dux Mediolani = atno,
lettere = cima, date = fun, havemo = cos, Papa = alma, Re de Ragona = adiutor, Ambassadore = auene, questo = ceb,
cosa = fen, vuy = ∵ with two dots), nulls ■ + be :n f fos. Transcribed 28 Oct 2026 from `img/c17_slip.jpg` deskewed
0.7 deg (tiles `img/t15/`). 15 cipher lines.

R5324 letter values used (copy order): a δ(ꝺ) ꞡ c ∴(..); b σ-; c ♀ δ; d ɔ ♀(ꝗ); e a b ħ L; f ʃ S; g ⊢ ⊣; h =;
i 4 − 2 3; l 5 1 ∞; m 7 8; n 9 δ~(6); o ɣ(y) ɼ(r) ꝺ ʒ; p ● x ʒf; r p δ(ꝺ̸) ● q; s ∴ ≡ ꝑ ce; t ß ff; u/v m ♀ gf o+;
z ꝺf. On the slip ꝺ serves a, c and o, and ꝺ̸ (δ with a stroke) r; context decides. ♀̲ (q with a bar) is et, but the
similar 4 is i and ꝑ̲ is s; at line ends these are hard to tell apart.

## Per line

### L1

signs: cim=per | m=v | y=o | ∴=s | ff=t | ꝺ=r | a=e | cima=LETTERE | +={null} | fun=DATE | be={null} | c=a | gf=u | 6=n | ɔ=d | b=e | ♀=c | ħ=e | ♀=d | L=e | ħ=l[?] | x=p | q=r | a=e | ≡=s | b=e | 9=n | ß=t | ħ=e | cos=HAVEMO | +={null} | −=i | 6=n | ff=t | L=e | ꝑ=s | ɼ=o | cab=QUELLO[?] | caz=che | 6=n | a=e | ∴=s | ꝺ=c | p=r | z=i | o+=v | ʒ=i | ff=t | 4=i

raw: `pervostreLETTEREDATEaundecedelpresenteHAVEMOintesoQUELLOchenescriviti`

plain: Per vostre LETTERE {null} DATE {null} a undece del presente HAVEMO inteso QUELLO che ne scriviti

### L2

signs: ♀̲=et[?] | f={null} | ꝺ̸=r | com=in | +=g | q=r | ∴=a | ff=t | −=i | ꝺ=a | 6=n | ɔ=d | ꝺ=o | ♀̲=v | b=e | ♀=d | ʒ=o | 1=l | ꝺ=c | ħ=e | 7=m | L=e | 9=n | ff=t | a=e | cul=de | 5=l | z=i | ʃ=f | 3=i | ɔ=d | b=e | 5=l | 4=i | S=f | 8=a[?] | y=o[?] | ꝺ̸=r | ħ=e | gf=v | L=o[?] | 1=l | −=i | ♀̲=et | ≡=s | c=a | m=v | z=i | 3=i | q=r | a=e | ♀=c | ɼ=o | p=r | ɔ=d

raw: `etringratiandovedolcementedelifidelifaorevolietsaviirecord`

plain: et ringratiandove dolcemente deli fideli, fa(v)orevoli[?] et savii record-

### L3

signs: 4=i | q̲=et | ∵=con | ꝑ=s | ħ=e | ⊣=g | 5=l | −=i | gf=v | ꝺ=o | ∴=s | ß=t | p=r | z=i | 5=l | 3=i | ɔ-=qua | 1=l | 4=i | ꝺ=c | y=o | ⊣=g | 9=n | r=o | ≡=s | ꝺ=c | L=e | 7=m | ꝺ=o | ♀=c | ==h | −=i | ..=a | q=r | ꝺ̸=a | 8=m | L=e | 9=n | ff=t | a=e | caz=che | ʒf=p | q=r | ʒ=o | ꝺ=c | b=e | ɔ=d | ħ=e | 6=n | y=o | cam=da

raw: `ietconseglivostriliqualicognoscemochiaramentecheprocedenoda`

plain: -i et conseglii vostri, li quali cognoscemo chiaramente che procedeno da

### L4

signs: ⊣=g | ꝺ̸=r | ꞡ=a | ∩=n[?] | ♀=d | a=e | ꝺf=z | b=e | ∞=l | ꝺ=o | q̲=et | c=a | ggf=ff | ħ=e | ꝺ=c | ß=t | −=i | ʒ=o | 9=n | L=e | caz=che | 9=n | a=e | x=p | y=o | q=r | ff=t | ..=a | ß=t | z=i | caz=che | 9=n | b=e | cam=da | 8=m | r=o | ſ=l | ß=t | ꝺ=o | σ-=b | ħ=e | 6=n | L=e | ꝺ=a | m=v | a=e | cul=de

raw: `grandezeloetaffectionecheneportatichenedamoltobeneavede`

plain: grande zelo et affectione che ne portati, che ne da molto bene a vede-

### L5

signs: p=r | ●=e[?] | caz=che | ꝺ=n[?] | L=e | ♀=d | ħ=e | ⊣=g | L=e | 9=n | a=e | ꝺ̸=r | ..=a | ß=t | 3=i | cam=da | 1=l | 4=i | ʒf=p | ꝺ̸=r | b=e | ♀=c | ħ=e | bb=ss | y=o | q=r | −=i | m=v | r=o | ≡=s | ff=t | p=r | z=i | ɔ=d | 3=i | ♀=c | ħ=e | 7=m | ꝺ=o | ♀=c | ꝑ=o[?] | bb=ss | 4=i | caz=che | cim=per | ꝑ=s | L=e | ⊣=g

raw: `rechenedegeneratidaliprecessorivostridicemocossicheperseg`

plain: -r[e?] che ne[?] degenerati dali precessori vostri. Dicemo cossi che per seg-

### L6

signs: o+=u | 2=i | ꝺ̸=r | a=e | 5=l | 3=i | ..={null}[?] | tt=p[?] | ꝺ=a | q=r | b=e | p=r | −=i | q̲=et | ∵=con | ∴=s | a=e | ⊢=g | 1=l | z=i | gf=v | y=o | ≡=s | ff=t | q=r | z=i | cet=come | cel=se | ♀=d | −=i | ꝑ=s | x=p | r=o | 9=n | b=e | 8=m | ꝺ=o | S=f | ꝺ=a | ꝺ̸=r | ħ=e | com=in | ceb=QUESTO | q̲=et | com=in | y=o

raw: `uireliparerietconseglivostricomesedisponemofareinQUESTOetino`

plain: -uire li {null?}[p]areri et conseglii vostri, come se disponemo fare in QUESTO et in o-

### L7

signs: ⊢=g | 6=n | 2=i | ꞡ=a | 5=l | ff=t | q=r | c=a | fen=COSA | cos=HAVEMO | ♀=d | b=e | 1=l | 4=i | σ-=b | L=e | ꝺ̸=r | ..=a | ß=t | y=o | 7=m | ꝺ=a | 6=n | ɔ=d | ꞡ=a | q=r | a=e | q̲=et | ♀=c | r=o | bb=ss | −=i | 8=m | c=a | 9=n | ♀=d | ꝺ=a | q=r | b=e | 7=m | ꝺ=o | fos={null} | ɔ=d | c=a | ħ=l | alma=PAPA | ♀̲=et

raw: `gnialtraCOSAHAVEMOdeliberatomandareetcossimandaremodalPAPAet`

plain: -gni altra COSA, HAVEMO deliberato mandare, et cossi mandaremo {null} dal PAPA et

### L8

signs: ʂ̣=[..] | q̲=et[dup?] | ɔ=d | ..=a | 1=l | be={null} | adiutor=RE_DE_RAGONA | m=u | 9=n | ꝺ=o | +={null} | ꝺ=a | ħ=l | ff=t | p=r | ꝑ=o | 9=n | y=o | ∴=s | ß=t | q=r | r=o | auene=AMBASSADORE | :={null} | r=o | ħ=l | ff=t | ꝺ̸=r | ꞡ=a | x=p | a=e | ɔ=d | ɼ=r | ꝺ=o | ♀=d | c=a | ʒf=p | gf=u | ∴=s | ß=t | b=e | ꝺ̸=r | ħ=l | ..=a | q̲=et | ꝺ=a | 9=n | ff=t

raw: `[..]etdalRE_DE_RAGONAunoaltronostroAMBASSADOREoltrapedrodapusterlaetant`

plain: [..] et[?] dal {null} RE DE RAGONA uno {null} altro nostro AMBASSADORE, {null} oltra Pedro da Pusterla et Ant-

### L9

signs: ʒ=o | 9=n | 2=i | y=o | cam=da | ß=t | q=r | ħ=e | ꝺf=z | r=o | cim=per | c=a | ɔ=d | ꝺ=o | cim=per | ..=a | p=r | a=e | q̲=et | ʃ=f | ꝺ=a | ꝺ̸=r | b=e | ꞡ=a | x=p | q=r | ħ=e | bb=ss | ʒ=o | c=a | 1=l | ..=a | ∴=s | ꝺ=a | 9=n | ♀=c | ff=t | z=i | ß=t | ꞡ=a | q̲=et | 7=m | c=a | 3=i | L=e | ≡=s | ff=t | ..=a | 4=[..]

raw: `oniodatrezoperadoperareetfareapressoalasanctitaetmaiesta[..]`

plain: -onio da Trezo per adoperare et fare apresso ala Sanctita et Maiesta [..]

### L10

signs: r:=u[?] | a=e | ß=t | gf=u | ff=t | y=o | cab=QUELLO | ∴=s | ꝺ=a | ꝺ̸=r | ꞡ=a | 6=n | b=e | ♀=c | ħ=e | ≡=s | c=a | p=r | 4=i | r=o | cim=per | ħ=l | −=i | ʃ=f | ..=a | ♀=c | ff=t | z=i | ♀=d | a=e | ħ=l | ba=CONTE | q̲=et | S=f | ꝺ=a | q=r | b=e | 7=m | r=o | 1=l | 3=i | ff=t | ..=a | ħ=l | b=e | ♀=c | ꝺ=o

raw: `uetutoQUELLOsaranecesarioperlifactidelCONTEetfaremolitaleco`

plain: -ue[?] tuto QUELLO sara necesario per li facti del CONTE, et faremoli tale co-

### L11

signs: pp=mm | 3=i | ∴=s | ♀̲=s | ʒ=o | 9=n | L=e | caz=che | :n={null} | cul=de | ff=t | gf=u | ß=t | y=o | cel=se | com=in | ff=t | b=e | 9=n | ɔ=d | b=e | ꝺ̸=r | ..=a | ∵=con | b=e | bb=ss | r=o | ba=CONTE | q̲=et | ∵=con | ∵̈=VUY | q̲=et | S=f | ꝺ=a | ꝺ̸=r | ꞡ=a | cab=QUELLO | q̲=et | cet=come | ⊣=g | 1=l | :={null} | −=i

raw: `mmissonechedetutoseintenderaconessoCONTEetconVUYetfaraQUELLOetcomegli`

plain: -mmissone che {null} de tuto se intendera con esso CONTE et con VUY, et fara QUELLO et come gli {null}

### L12

signs: ♀=d | z=i | q=r | 3=i | ff=t | 4=i | q̲=et | y=o | p=r | ɔ=d | −=i | 9=n | ..=a | q=r | z=i | ff=t | 3=i | +={null} | com=in | ħ=l | a=e | ꝺ=a | 1=l | ß=t | p=r | b=e | fen=COSA | q̲=et | 4=i | ꞡ=a | 9=n | ɔ=d | −=i | r=o | S=f | c=a | ꝺ̸=r | b=e | 8=m | ꝺ=o | com=in | ff=t | b=e | ⊣=g | ꝛ=r | ꞡ=a | 7=m | L=e

raw: `diritietordinaritiinlealtreCOSAetiandiofaremointegrame`

plain: diriti et ordinariti. {null} In le altre COSA[cose] etiandio faremo integrame-

### L13

signs: 9=n | ß=t | a=e | ∴=s | b=e | ∵=con | ♀=d | y=o | ħ=l | −=i | p=r | ħ=e | ♀=c | r=o | ꝺ̸=r | ɔ=d | 2=i | q̲=et | ∵=con | ≡=s | L=e | ⊢=g | 1=l | 3=i | m=v | ꝺ=o | ♀̲=s | ff=t | ꝺ̸=r | 4=i | +={null} | be={null} | fun=DATE | ꝺ=c | gf=u | ∴=s | ..=a | ⊣=g | ==h | −=i | fo=di | L=e | o+=v | 2=i | ⊢=g | a=e | ≡=s | 3=i

raw: `ntesecondolirecordietconseglivostriDATEcusaghidievigesi`

plain: -nte secondo li recordi et conseglii vostri. {null}{null} DATE[Dat.] Cusaghi die vigesi-

### L14

signs: 7=m | y=o | β=t | b=e | ꝺ̸=r | ff=t | 4=i | r=o | −=i | c=a | 9=n | ♀=u | ..=a | q=r | 2=i | 3=i | +={null} | 1=[..] | be={null} | ♀̲=[..] | :n={null} | ♀̲=[..] | +={null} | f={null} | 7=[..] | be={null} | ʃ=f | 4=i | ħ=l | −=i | tt=[..] | ꝑ=p[?] | m=u | ∴=s | 7=m | ♀=a[?] | ꝑ=r[?] | z=i | ⊢=a[?] | c=a | 9=n | ⊣=g | 1=l | ♀=u | ≡=s | atno=DUX_MEDIOLANI

raw: `motertioianuarii[..][..][..][..]fili[..]pusmariaanglusDUX_MEDIOLANI`

plain: -mo tertio ianuarii {null} [..] {null} [..] {null} [..] {null}{null} [..] {null} Fili[..]pus Maria Anglus DUX MEDIOLANI

### L15

signs: q̲=et | ♀=c | a=e | β=t | b=e | ꝺ̸=r | ..=a | x=p | ꝺ=a | ʒf=p | −=i | ħ=e | ꞡ=a | 6=n | +=g | be={null} | 1=l | L=e | ꝺ̸=r | 3=i | a=e | -c=que | ♀=c | y=o | 8=m | b=e | ∴=s | ꞡ=a | ♀=c | 2=i | c=a | 9=n | ♀̲=u | b=e | ɔ=d | r=o | 7=m | 3=i | 9=n | gf=u | ≡=s | be={null} | +={null} | σ-=[..] | ɔ=[..] | ♀=[..] | −=[..] | σ-=[..] | x=[..] | ʒf=[..]

raw: `etceterapapieangleriequecomesacianuedominus[..][..][..][..][..][..][..]`

plain: etcetera, Papie Anglerieque comes ac Ianue dominus. {null}{null} [..] (seven signs unread)

## Continuous plaintext

Per vostre lettere date a undece del presente havemo inteso quello che ne scriviti, et ringratiandove dolcemente deli
fideli, favorevoli et savii recordi et conseglii vostri, li quali cognoscemo chiaramente che procedeno da grande zelo
et affectione che ne portati, che ne da molto bene a vedere che ne degenerati dali precessori vostri. Dicemo cossi che
per seguire li pareri et conseglii vostri, come se disponemo fare in questo et in ogni altra cosa, havemo deliberato
mandare, et cossi mandaremo dal Papa et dal Re de Ragona uno altro nostro ambassadore, oltra Pedro da Pusterla et
Antonio da Trezo, per adoperare et fare apresso ala Sanctita et Maiesta [s]ue tuto quello sara necesario per li facti
del Conte, et faremoli tale commissone che de tuto se intendera con esso Conte et con vui, et fara quello et come gli
diriti et ordinariti. In le altre cose etiandio faremo integramente secondo li recordi et conseglii vostri. Dat.
Cusaghi die vigesimo tertio ianuarii [..]. Filippus Maria Anglus, Dux Mediolani etcetera, Papie Anglerieque comes ac
Ianue dominus. [seven signs unread]

## English summary

We have your letters of the 11th and thank you warmly for your faithful and wise advice, which shows you do not fall
short of your forebears. Following your advice we will send another ambassador of ours to the Pope and the King of
Aragon, besides Piero da Pusterla and Antonio da Trezzo, to do with His Holiness and His Majesty whatever the Count's
affairs require; he will be instructed to act in concert with the Count and with you and to do as you direct. In other
matters too we will follow your advice. Cusago, 23 January 1447, with the Duke's title in cipher.

## Comparison with the clear text f. 16

f. 16 is the same letter in clear (same day, same wording; variants such as "recordi" for "pareri" and "mandaremo" for
"mandamo" show it is a parallel minute, not a copy made from the cipher). Compared: ll. 1-13 and l. 14 up to "ianuarii";
the title (rest of l. 14, l. 15) is not in f. 16. Nulls excluded.

| line | compared tokens | unread | disagree | match | disagreements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L1 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 46/46 | f. 16 "a undeca", cipher "a undece" (counted as agreeing) |
| L2 | 54 | 0 | 2 | 52/54 | q̲=et before "ringratiandove" not in f. 16; com=in "ring-" vs "reng-"; "fa(v)orevoli": no v token, 8=a, y=o, L=o [?] |
| L3 | 51 | 0 | 1 | 50/51 | ħ=e "conseglii" vs "consigli" |
| L4 | 47 | 0 | 4 | 43/47 | z=i "portati" vs "portate"; "che ne da molto bene" vs "che molto bene" (9, b, cam extra) |
| L5 | 48 | 0 | 1 | 47/48 | "ne degenerati" vs "no degenerati" (L=e); ꝺ=n and ●=e [?] |
| L6 | 46 | 0 | 1 | 45/46 | a=e "conseglii"; ".." before "tt" taken as a null, tt=p [?] |
| L7 | 46 | 0 | 2 | 44/46 | "mandaremo" vs "mandamo" (q, b extra) |
| L8 | 45 | 1 | 3 | 41/45 | "Pedro da" vs "Piero de" (a, ɔ, c); first sign unread |
| L9 | 49 | 1 | 0 | 48/49 | last sign (s- of "sue") unread |
| L10 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 47/47 | "r:" for u in "sue" [?]; ba = Conte (code not in the key copy) |
| L11 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 41/41 | "commissone" (no i token); cel = se (not in the key copy) |
| L12 | 47 | 0 | 2 | 45/47 | 3=i "diriti" vs "direti"; 9=n "etiandio" vs "etiamdio" |
| L13 | 46 | 0 | 7 | 39/46 | "recordi" (7 tokens) vs "pareri" |
| L14 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 16/16 | date to "ianuarii" |
| total | 629 | 2 | 23 | 604/629 = 96.0% | |

All 722 tokens: 686 read, 22 nulls, 14 unread (2 in the text, 5 between the date and the title, 7 after it) = 95.0%
(98.0% of the 700 non-null tokens).
Decryption

f15_reading.md

# BnF ital. 1584 f. 15: Filippo Maria Visconti to Francesco Sforza, Cusago 23 Jan 1447 (key R5324): reading

Per vostre lettere date a undece del presente havemo inteso quello che ne scriviti, et ringratiandove dolcemente deli
fideli, favorevoli et savii recordi et conseglii vostri, li quali cognoscemo chiaramente che procedeno da grande zelo
et affectione che ne portati, che ne da molto bene a vedere che ne degenerati dali precessori vostri. Dicemo cossi che
per seguire li pareri et conseglii vostri, come se disponemo fare in questo et in ogni altra cosa, havemo deliberato
mandare, et cossi mandaremo dal Papa et dal Re de Ragona uno altro nostro ambassadore, oltra Pedro da Pusterla et
Antonio da Trezo, per adoperare et fare apresso ala Sanctita et Maiesta [s]ue tuto quello sara necesario per li facti
del Conte, et faremoli tale commissone che de tuto se intendera con esso Conte et con vui, et fara quello et come gli
diriti et ordinariti. In le altre cose etiandio faremo integramente secondo li recordi et conseglii vostri. Dat.
Cusaghi die vigesimo tertio ianuarii [..]. Filippus Maria Anglus, Dux Mediolani etcetera, Papie Anglerieque comes ac
Ianue dominus. [seven signs unread]
Translation

f15_en.md

# BnF ital. 1584 f. 15, Cusago 23 Jan 1447: English

We have your letters of the 11th and thank you warmly for your faithful and wise advice, which shows you do not fall
short of your forebears. Following your advice we will send another ambassador of ours to the Pope and the King of
Aragon, besides Piero da Pusterla and Antonio da Trezzo, to do with His Holiness and His Majesty whatever the Count's
affairs require; he will be instructed to act in concert with the Count and with you and to do as you direct. In other
matters too we will follow your advice. Cusago, 23 January 1447, with the Duke's title in cipher.

Key: key.md

06 Sources

Working files: targets/visconti1447/ (transcription, reading, comparison with f. 16, key).